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    16Dec, 2023
    A NEW STUDY FOUND THAT CHIA SEEDS ARE RICH IN NUTRIENTS AND MAY BE GOOD FOR HUMAN HEALTH

    Due to its high nutritional content, chia seeds are one of the superfoods that scientists, health lovers, and foodies are paying close attention to. A study that reveals the exceptional nutrient profile of these tiny seeds and suggests potential health advantages for humans has brought them more attention lately. This in-depth analysis delves into the depths of chia seeds’ nutritional richness, examines the findings of the most recent study, and explains how these underappreciated seeds may benefit overall health.

    Chia Seeds’ Nutrient Content: Piecing Together the Tapestry

     

    Prior to getting into the details of the most recent study, it is critical to comprehend the complex nutritional makeup that distinguishes chia seeds from other seeds.

    1. Supercharger of Proteins:

     

    Despite its little size, chia seeds have a high protein concentration. Rich in essential amino acids, they are a fantastic addition to plant-based and vegetarian diets. Protein is essential for the function of the immune system, muscle regeneration, and overall cellular health.

     

    2. The Fatty Acids Omega-3:

    Chia seeds are well known for having a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, including ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). Because they help reduce inflammation and maintain optimum heart function, omega-3 fatty acids are critical for cardiovascular health. A plant-based source of these important lipids are chia seeds.

    3. Crucial Micronutrients:

    Chia seeds provide an incredible amount of essential vitamins and minerals. In addition to supporting energy metabolism and bone health, the minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese also promote other physiological processes. Maintaining general health requires these micronutrients.

    4. An arsenal of antioxidants:

    Chia seeds are packed with antioxidants, including caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid respectively. Antioxidants reduce the risk of chronic disease development and advance cellular health in general by reducing oxidative stress.

    5. Fiber for Digestive Health System:

    Chia seeds are a great source of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. Apart from regulating blood sugar and cholesterol, soluble fiber also contributes to a feeling of fullness. Regular bowel movements are encouraged by insoluble fiber, which is good for the digestive system.

    6. Hydrophilic Characteristics:

     

    Chia seeds have a special hydrophilic quality that makes it possible for them to absorb and hold onto significant amounts of liquid, creating a gel-like consistency. This attribute has uses in cooking, but it also helps with hydration and might affect how full you feel after eating it.

    Recently Concealed Research: Chia Seeds’ Health Potential

    An important scientific finding that clarifies the possible health advantages of chia seed consumption is the study that was recently conducted on the seeds. Investigating the study’s methods, major conclusions, and wider ramifications for human health is essential to understanding its importance.

    1. Methodologies and Research Design:

     

    The research design is the cornerstone of any legitimate investigation. It’s possible that the new chia seed study used a multimodal strategy that included observational studies, clinical trials, and laboratory analysis.

    • Laboratory investigations: To establish the omega-3 fatty acid levels, protein content, and antioxidant presence of chia seeds, scientists most likely carried out extensive investigations in the lab.

    • Clinical experiments: To evaluate the physiological effects of chia seed ingestion, human experiments may have been carried out. It would have been possible to split the participants into groups so that some followed a strict routine and others added chia seeds to their diets.

    • Observational Studies: In these real-world contexts, trends and correlations between chia seed consumption and other health outcomes may have been investigated.

     

    2. Key Facts:

     

    The key to the latest study’s influence on our comprehension of the health advantages of chia seeds is found in its findings. Possible major discoveries could include the following, though the precise results would depend on the particulars of the investigation:

     

    • Weight management: Determining how chia seeds affect total calorie intake and how they affect feelings of fullness.

    • Blood Sugar Regulation: Examining how chia seeds affect glycemic management and insulin sensitivity.

    • Heart Health: Understanding the effects of chia seeds on blood pressure, cholesterol, and other heart-related indicators.

    • Inflammation and Antioxidant Activity: Evaluating chia seeds’ ability to reduce inflammation by adjusting oxidative stress.

    • Nutrient Absorption: Examining the efficiency with which the body takes up and applies the nutrients included in chia seeds.

     

    3. Consequences for Human Health: A Comprehensive Approach:

     

     

    The study’s conclusions have applications for human health that go beyond the realm of the lab and clinic.

     

    • Weight control Strategies: By being aware of how satiety and calorie intake are affected, chia seeds may be positioned as a weight control ally. One such recommendation is to incorporate chia seeds into meals in order to promote a healthy diet.

    • Impacts on Cardiovascular Health: Should the study show beneficial impacts on cardiovascular health, this could result in suggestions for people wishing to promote heart health organically. Chia seeds could become a mainstay in diets meant to avoid heart-related problems.

    • Blood Sugar Control: The study’s conclusions may highlight the significance of chia seeds in blood sugar regulation for people who are managing or trying to avoid diabetes. This can result in dietary suggestions for people looking for all-natural glycemic management methods.

    • Anti-Inflammatory Dietary Options: People who want to lessen inflammation in their bodies may benefit from the study’s investigation of anti-inflammatory qualities. Chia seeds may be included in diets intended for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

    • Optimizing Nutrient Intake: Knowledge about how nutrients are absorbed may help people make recommendations for how to get the most out of their diet. Chia seeds may be recommended as a part of diets meant to meet particular needs for micronutrients.

    The consequences of these findings are not limited to individuals; they also hold significance for healthcare practitioners, dietitians, and lawmakers who formulate public health policies.

     

    Applications in Public Health and Culinary Arts:

     

    1. Public health initiatives:

     

    The study’s conclusions might affect public health initiatives meant to improve population health in general. Dietary guidelines that advocate consuming foods high in nutrients, like chia seeds, may eventually find their way into more comprehensive treatment programs for common health issues.

    2. Innovation in Culinary Arts:

    The results of the study may inspire innovative solutions in the culinary industry. In order to satisfy consumers’ dietary needs as well as their palates, chefs and food producers could experiment with novel ways to include chia seeds in various recipes. Chia seeds have the potential to become a mainstay in cooking, enhancing both gastronomic diversity and health.

    3. Education-related campaigns:

    The results of the study may be used to guide the development of educational programs that raise public awareness of the health benefits of chia seeds. People may be able to make informed dietary choices if they are informed about their nutritional profile and any potential connections to certain health outcomes.

    Knowledge and Behavior of Consumers:

    1. Taking Informed Decisions

    Customers are able to actively search for products that include these tiny seeds as the benefits of chia seeds become more familiar. In restaurants and retail establishments, patrons can select meals according to their nutritional goals and improved understanding.

     

    2. Formulation of Recipes

    When creating recipes, chia seeds can be a helpful component for home cooks and food bloggers. Chia seeds have the potential to become a household staple in kitchens, appearing in everything from vibrant salads to inventive desserts and smoothie bowls that boost energy. People may be inspired to experiment in the kitchen and find new ways to incorporate chia seeds into their everyday meals by the study’s findings.

    Environmental Factors to Be Considered

    1. Agriculture that is sustainable:

    Concerns concerning the sustainability and cultivation of chia seeds are brought up by their rising popularity. The consequences of the study may go beyond health concerns to include environmental awareness. Water-efficient cultivation and ethical sourcing are two examples of sustainable agriculture techniques for chia seeds that could become focal points in the larger discussion about responsible food production.

    2. Awareness of Carbon Footprint:

    The study’s conclusions might make customers think twice about the carbon impact of producing and distributing chia seeds as they grow more ecologically conscious. This knowledge may lead to a change in consumer preference for eco-friendly products and services.

    Integrating into Practices of Holistic Wellness:

    1. Holistic Nutrition and Health Practices:

    The connection between mental, emotional, and physical health is emphasized by holistic wellness. This comprehensive approach is supported by the chia seed study, which illustrates how a single food item can benefit several aspects of health. Chia seeds can be incorporated into meal plans as part of a larger plan for people who want overall health.

    2. Strategies for Preventive Health:

    The study’s conclusions might have a big impact on preventative health strategies. Chia seeds can be included in diets as a proactive way to stop certain disorders from developing, as opposed to just treating current health problems. This emphasis on prevention is in line with a larger trend in healthcare that places more emphasis on lifestyle decisions for long-term health.

    Prospective Studies and Ongoing Investigations:

    Even though the new study provides insightful information, it is important to recognize that nutritional science is a constantly evolving discipline. The chia seed study is merely a starting point, raising other queries and lines of inquiry:

    1. Mechanisms of Action:

    Further research is warranted to fully understand the precise processes by which chia seeds exert their health advantages. Our comprehension of the physiological effects of chia seeds may be improved by investigating how the body uses and absorbs the nutrients from them, as well as by discovering the bioactive substances that have health benefits.

    2. Extended Research:

    Extensive research should be conducted on the long-term effects of chia seed ingestion. Although research with short durations offer significant insights, studies with longer durations may disclose long-term health advantages, possible hazards, and alterations in health results.

    3. Research on Populations:

    Dietary interventions may elicit differing responses from various groups. Research on particular populations—such as age groups, people with particular medical issues, or dietary customs from different cultures—can offer specialized insights into the potential advantages of chia seeds.

    4. Dosing-Response Interactions

    It’s critical to ascertain the ideal ingestion levels for health advantages. Future research on dose-response connections should examine whether there is a recommended daily intake of chia seeds for various health outcomes and whether these effects alter depending on personal variables.

    5. Comparative Analysis:

    Comparative research between chia seeds and other nutrient-dense foods or supplements might help clarify the benefits of chia seeds. Knowing how chia seeds compare to established dietary standards or other sources of essential components provides a more nuanced perspective.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, the latest research on chia seeds demonstrates an intriguing relationship between science, nutrition, and human health. Chia seeds, once a staple of antiquity, are making a comeback that intrigues both scientists and health-conscious individuals.

    Together with the new research findings, a thorough investigation of the nutrient richness of chia seeds presents a convincing picture of the potential benefits these seeds may have for human health. Chia seeds prove to be a flexible and affordable supplement to a diet that prioritizes health, offering advantages such as improved blood circulation, reduced weight, blood sugar control, and anti-inflammatory characteristics.

    The results of this study highlight the dynamic character of nutritional science as they have implications for public knowledge, culinary practices, and even environmental considerations. Chia seeds are a simple-looking snack that can remind us of the richness and depth that can be found in commonplace meals.

    As we carry out this research, it is imperative that we approach the topic with discernment and inquiry. Despite the fact that chia seeds have a lot of potential as a superfood, additional study on the impact of chia seeds on human health is likely to be discovered because nutritional science is a dynamic area.

    Chia seeds can be used to smoothies, savory foods, and yogurt bowls as a mark of modern nutritional consciousness. They are no longer only significant historically. The new research acts as a beacon, making us rethink the significance of these little seeds and sparking a broader conversation about the complex interplay between our dietary choices and overall health.

     

    15Dec, 2023
    UNCOVERING OPTIMAL HEALTH: THE ASTONISHING ADVANTAGES OF VITAMIN D APART FROM STRONG BONES

    Open-Up the Entire Spectrum: Vitamin D Supplements and Their All-Inclusive Impact on Health

    While many people are aware of the role vitamin D plays in maintaining strong bones, its history extends well beyond the skeletal system. In-depth discussion of vitamin D supplement benefits and how they promote optimal health and wellness will be provided in this comprehensive guide.

    The Foundation: Vitamin D and Bone Health

    vitamin-D

     

    To begin with, let’s address the most significant component of vitamin D’s reputation: the constant support it provides for our bones. For the absorption of calcium and phosphorus—two elements required for the mineralization of bones—fat-soluble vitamin D is critical. We can reduce our risk of fractures and diseases like osteoporosis by making sure our bodies get adequate sunlight or by strengthening our skeletal structure with vitamin D supplements.

    But what happens when our eyes look farther than our skeletons? As it happens, vitamin D plays a major role in several aspects of human health.

    1. Guardian of the immune system

    immune-system

    Recent research has led scientists to believe that vitamin D is now a friend of the immune system. In order to maintain the body’s defenses against diseases and infections, this vitamin is crucial for controlling immunological responses. Research suggests that maintaining normal levels of vitamin D may reduce the likelihood of respiratory infections, autoimmune illnesses, and other immune-related conditions. By fortifying our immune system, vitamin D intervenes to safeguard our overall well-being.

    2. Fueling the Heart: Advantages for Cardiovascular Health

    The benefits of vitamin D also extend to our hearts, which beat nonstop to keep us alive. Research suggests that this vitamin enhances vascular function, lowers inflammation, and regulates blood pressure to support cardiovascular health. As we consider the wider ramifications, it is clear that having enough vitamin D may help to build our bones as well as increase the cardiovascular system’s resistance.

    3. Mental Health: The Role of Vitamin D

    Research interest is growing in the complex relationship between vitamin D and mental health. Mood disorders such as depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) have been associated with low levels of vitamin D. The data indicates that maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D may contribute to sustaining mental well-being, however the precise pathways are still being explored. Might vitamin sunlight act as a mood enhancer in its own right? Significant ramifications result from the persuasive science.

    4. A Protection From Cancer? Investigating Preventive Features

    The fight against cancer is an ongoing one, and new research suggests that vitamin D may be helpful in preventing the disease. According to specific research, preserving adequate amounts of vitamin D may lower the chance of developing several malignancies, such as colon, prostate, and breast cancer. The possibility that vitamin D functions as a natural cancer defense adds another dimension to the vitamin’s comprehensive effects on health, even as researchers continue to investigate these relationships.

    5. Balanced Metabolism: Vitamin D and Controlling Weight

    When we explore the field of metabolic health, vitamin D becomes involved in the complex regulation of our body’s systems. According to certain studies, having enough vitamin D may help control insulin sensitivity, which may have an impact on blood sugar regulation. A healthy weight may also be easier to maintain for those who get enough vitamin D. One fascinating feature of vitamin D’s holistic influence is the connection to metabolic equilibrium, albeit the exact mechanisms underlying this connection are still being investigated.

     

    Overcoming Deficiency: The Quiet Struggle

    Notwithstanding these encouraging findings, it is imperative to recognize the widespread problem of vitamin D insufficiency. For a large fraction of the population, low levels of Vitamin D are caused by modern lifestyles, little sun exposure, and dietary choices. The first stage in proactive health management is identifying the symptoms of deficiency, which include weariness, muscle weakness, and weakened immune system.

     

    Examining Further: Vitamin D’s Function in Hormonal Balance


    The impact of vitamin D on hormonal balance is another fascinating aspect we learn about as we continue our exploration of the vitamin. Recent research indicates that vitamin D might be involved in the regulation of many hormones in the body. This includes chemicals that affect stress reactions, energy levels, and mood management like serotonin. The complex relationship that exists between Vitamin D and hormones highlights the potential of this nutrient as a modulator of mental and emotional health in addition to physical health.

     

    Utilizing Vitamin D’s Power for Skin Health


    The wonders of Vitamin D also extend to our greatest organ, the skin. In addition to its internal functions, vitamin D supports skin health by encouraging cell turnover and helping to restore damaged skin. Conditions include eczema, psoriasis, and acne may improve in those with adequate vitamin D levels. The many advantages that Vitamin D provides are enhanced by the positive relationship it has with skin health.

     

    Vitamin D and Lifespan: An Interesting Association to Research


    The intriguing possibility that Vitamin D affects longevity is becoming more and more prominent as scientific research progresses. A longer and more active life may be possible because to vitamin D’s capacity to improve general health, even though it is not a miraculous potion that may grant immortality. Vitamin D is emerging as a hopeful ingredient in the quest for a longer and presumably healthier life as researchers dive into the molecular causes behind aging.

     

    Unlocking Genetic Potential: Expression of Genes and Vitamin D


    There is growing interest in the connection between vitamin D and gene expression. According to research, vitamin D may affect the expression of genes linked to a number of physiological processes, such as inflammation, cell division, and immunological function. Knowing how vitamin D interacts with our genetic composition creates opportunities for tailored healthcare, enabling people to maximize their well-being according to their own genetic profile.

     

    Overcoming Skepticism: Scientific Views on the Advantages of Vitamin D


    It’s only right to address the skepticism that occasionally accompanies conversations regarding the numerous advantages of vitamin D. While continuous study keeps expanding our knowledge, some detractors contend that the data is still insufficiently strong to substantiate every benefit that has been proposed. It’s critical to approach the subject objectively, recognizing the need for additional research as well as the encouraging results.

     

    Useful Advice for Raising Your Life’s Vitamin D Levels


    Let’s move from theory to practice as we wrap up this investigation. How do you make sure that the foundation of your health path is Vitamin D?
    – Sun Exposure: Try to get frequent, moderate sun exposure, especially in the afternoon and evening when the sun is at its highest. Your skin may now naturally manufacture vitamin D as a result.
    – Dietary Sources: Include foods high in vitamin D in your diet, such as egg yolks, dairy products with added vitamin D, and fatty fish like salmon and mackerel.
    – Supplementation: Take into account vitamin D supplements if natural sources are not viable or adequate. See a medical practitioner to get the right dosage for your unique requirements.
    – Regular Health Check-ups: Regular blood tests to measure your vitamin D levels allow you to modify your supplement regimen or lifestyle choices as necessary.
    – Balanced Lifestyle: Take a comprehensive approach to your health, including regular exercise, a healthy diet, stress reduction, and enough sleep. The advantages of vitamin D are enhanced by certain lifestyle choices.

     

    Concluding Remarks: Seizing the Sun Vitamin to Achieve a Better Future


    Vitamin D is a colorful thread that weaves across many facets of our well-being in the big scheme of health and wellness. The intricate benefits of Vitamin D include immune support, hormone balance, healthy skin, strong bones, and possibly even longer life. These all call into question the need of this essential nutrient.
    Let vitamin D be our beacon of hope as we negotiate the challenges of contemporary living. It is a source of sustenance for our body and soul. By raising our level of awareness, educating ourselves, and making proactive health decisions, we may fully reap the benefits of vitamin D supplements in our life.

    We are grateful that you have joined us on this long exploration. I hope the light of vitamin D shines on your health path and helps you live a life full of energy, resiliency, and overall well being.

    16Nov, 2023
    TYPES OF VACCINES AND HOW THEY ARE MADE?

    What is a vaccine?

    A vaccine is known as a biological medicine which provides     active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent which resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. It trains the body’s immune system to fight against a disease which has not come into contact with before. Generally, rather than treat a disease, vaccines are designed to prevent disease, once you have caught it by working with your body’s natural defenses to build protection. According to the WHO, there are vaccines to prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases including diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles.

    They underpin global health security and will be a vital tool in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

    What is vaccination?

    Vaccination is the process of administration of a vaccine to help the immune system to develop immunity from a particular disease. It is a safe, simple and effective method of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. Interestingly, it uses the body’s natural defenses to build resistance against specific infections and eventually makes the immune system stronger. After vaccination, your immune system is trained to create antibodies, similarly it does when it is exposed to a disease. But since vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of the microbe like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put people at risk of its complications.

    There are several routes of vaccine administration. They are,

    1. By mouth (Oral)
    2. By injection (intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous)
    3. By puncture
    4. By transdermal 
    5. By intranasal
    1. By mouth (Oral)

    Oral vaccination typically works by generating a large amount of  secretory IgA (sIgA), which plays a major role in mucosal defense against pathogens that enter the body through mucosal surfaces and cause diseases of the respiratory, intestinal and genital tracts. Oral vaccines are safe, easy and efficient to administer. And also they are convenient for all ages. They have been successfully developed to protect from many oral transmitted infectious diseases. Some well known oral vaccines are the oral polio vaccine (OPV), rotavirus, cholera and some typhoid vaccines. Most of the currently available oral vaccines are based on heat-killed or  attenuated pathogens. The disadvantage of these vaccines is that they do not  provoke a sufficient immune response. As a result of that they do not result in pathogen persistence and disease progression in immunocompromised individuals.

    1. By injection (intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous)

    Most vaccines are given by using this method. Some of the advantages of vaccination by injections are their results have been proven, the protection is long-term and the availability of vaccines are high. The main drawback of these vaccines are their challenging administration process. The correct needle size should be chosen, when administering a vaccine by injection.

    Intravenous (IV) injections. An IV injection is the fastest way to inject a medication and involves using a syringe to inject a medication directly into a vein. …

    Intramuscular (IM) injections are administered into the muscle through the skin and  subcutaneous tissue. This method allows the medication to be absorbed into the bloodstream quickly. Intramuscular injections are used when other types of delivery methods are not recommended. Hepatitis A and B, Hib are examples for intramuscular injections. When administering an intramuscular injection, a 90° angle is used and all of the vaccine is injected in the muscle tissue by 1 inch if possible.

    Intradermal (ID) injections are administered into the dermis, just below the epidermis. Since they provide a local and very little systemic effect, they are commonly used for tuberculin skin testing. Other than that they can also be used for  allergy testing and local  anesthetics. When administering an intradermal injection, a 25- gauge or smaller needle is inserted just under the epidermis at an angle of approximately 10°.

    Subcutaneous (SC) injections are administered into the fatty tissue found below the dermis and above muscle tissue. A SC injection is known as the best for giving certain medicines such as Insulin. IPV, MMR and VAR are examples for subcutaneous injections. When administering a subcutaneousinjection the needle should be inserted at a 45 to 90° angle to the pinched-up skin. And it is important that the needle is completely covered by skin.

    1. By puncture

    There are 2 main methods called scratch method and multiple puncture method.  The multiple puncture method has been recommended as the method of choice for smallpox vaccination and BCG vaccination for infants.

    1. By transdermal 

    Recently, transdermal techniques have been investigated for vaccines including COVID-19. This route offers an improved vaccine administration. Since it targets potent immune cell populations of the skin, it may lead to a strong immune response at much lower doses when compared with an injectable vaccine. The human skin is composed of two layers named epidermis and dermis and they are populated by dendritic cells (DCs), which are known as potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). “Transcutaneous immunization has therefore become an attractive and alternative route for vaccination. Techniques such as sonophoresis, microneedle-assisted delivery, iontophoresis, and elastic liposomes are among those being used and developed for transdermal vaccine delivery.

    1. By intranasal

    Intranasal vaccines are administered into each nostril using a manufacturer-filled nasal sprayer. Here, the patient asked to be seated in an upright position and instructed to breathe normally. In order to prevent  inadvertent movement, the provider should gently place a hand behind the patient’s head. Proper hand hygiene (using gloves etc.) should be performed to administer the vaccine. Even Though the patient coughs, sneezes, or expels the dose in any other way, the dose does not need to be repeated. The influenza vaccines FluMist/Fluenz™ and the Nasovac™ live attenuated vaccine are two of the licensed intranasal vaccines for humans.

    How are vaccines made?

    There are different types of vaccines. But usually there is one thing in common among them. That is they are  inherently biological. Vaccines are made up of whole bacteria or viruses, or parts of them, often a protein or sugar. These active components of the vaccine, called antigens, are what trigger an immune response when in the body. Vaccines are known as biological products. So, most of the conventional viral vaccines need to be grown on biological material. As an example,

    1. chicken eggs with influenza vaccines
    2. mammalian cells with hepatitis A vaccines 
    3. yeast for hepatitis B vaccines

    This process is somewhat laborious and slow. For example, when developing the flu vaccines, firstly, the live virus is injected into an embryonated egg. Then the virus replicates and the viral material is collected and followed by purification and inactivation. Newer RNA vaccine production by DNA template is much cheaper and faster than conventional vaccine production.

    Vaccines are made with complex biological molecules which are inherently unstable and as a result of that, they are prone to degradation if left on their own. In order to avoid this, vaccines usually contain a few additives. This helps the vaccine to stay safe and effective from the manufacturing to their point of use. These additives contain several ingredients including preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, diluents, residuals and adjuvants. Preservatives stop the vaccine from being contaminated once the vial has been opened while stabilizers stop any chemical reactions from happening. Sugar (e.g. lactose) or gelatin are two examples for stabilizers. Normally surfactants stop the components of the vaccine from clumping together. Diluents are liquid components which are used to dilute a vaccine to the correct concentration and sterile water is often used as diluent. Residuals are the components which are not deliberately added to vaccines. They are considered as leftover traces of the ingredients of the vaccine, and yeast or egg protein are some examples for residuals. Some of the vacancies contain adjuvants which boost the immune response to the vaccine. This is done either by ensuring the vaccine’s prolonged availability at the injection site or by stimulating local immune cells. When adjuvants are used, a lower dose of the vaccine needs to be used. Aluminium, which is below the threshold value of safety, is known as a common adjuvant in vaccines.

    How do vaccines work?
    Vaccines generally work by stimulating a response from the immune system against a virus or bacterium. As a result of this a ‘memory’ is created in the immune system and this immune memory allows the body to ‘remember’ a specific pathogen such as virus or bacterium. So that the body can protect itself against this virus or bacterium and prevent disease that it causes. As mentioned before most vaccines contain a weakened or an inactivated (killed) form of a virus or bacterium that cannot cause disease. This is known as an antigen.

    This antigen is recognized as foreign by the immune system when a person gets a vaccine. As a result of this, the immune cells are activated and they kill the disease-causing virus or bacterium and make antibodies against it. So, the immune cells – called T-cells and B-cells – in the blood, in the bone marrow and throughout the body are activated. This helps the immune system to remember if the person comes into contact with the actual virus or bacteria later. It can then produce the right antibodies and activate the right immune cells quickly, to kill the virus or bacterium. Eventually this protects the person from the disease.

    Different vaccines bring about different levels of protection. How long protection lasts also depends on the disease it protects against. Some vaccines can only protect against a disease for a short period and may need booster doses; for others, immunity can last a lifetime.

    Most importantly, vaccination does not only protect the ones who have received a vaccine. It also indirectly protects unvaccinated people in the community including children who are too young to be vaccinated or people with weakened immune systems through decreasing the risk of being exposed to infection. In order to generate this community immunity (herd immunity) it is important to vaccinate enough people in an area. In contrast, people who gain immunity by getting the actual disease can expose other people to the disease while putting themselves at risk of serious complications from the disease.

    How effective is vaccination?

    In order to measure the efficacy of a vaccine, a controlled clinical trial should be carried out. Then the ratio of developing the ‘outcome of interest’ (usually disease) among the vaccinated people is compared with that of among the people who got the placebo (dummy vaccine). In order to calculate the relative risk of getting sick the numbers of sick people in each group are compared once the study is complete. This depends on whether or not the subjects received the vaccine. Through this the efficacy can be taken as a measure of how much the vaccine lowered the risk of getting sick. A lot fewer people in the group who received the vaccine should become sick than the people who received the placebo if a vaccine has high efficacy.

    Through the vaccine effectiveness someone can take a measurement of how well vaccines work in the real world. Even though clinical trials include a wide range of people including a broad age range, both sexes, different ethnicities and people with known medical conditions, still they cannot be considered as a perfect representation of the whole population. Since the efficacy observed in clinical trials applies to specific outcomes in a clinical trial, effectiveness in the real life conditions can differ from the efficacy measured in a trial.   So, the efficacy of vaccination for a much bigger and more variable population can’t be predicted exactly. 

    Types of vaccines

    1. Live attenuated Vaccines (LAV)
    2. Inactivated Vaccines (Killed Antigen)
    3. Subunit Vaccines (Purified Antigen)
    4. Toxoid Vaccines (Inactivated Toxins)
    5. DNA / RNA Vaccines 

    Live attenuated Vaccines (LAV)

    A weakened form of the disease-caused pathogen (bacteria or virus) is used in live- attenuated vaccines. This weakening is done by its genetic code alteration to prevent the rapid replication of the pathogen in human cells. Due to this weakening  the pathogen no longer can cause the disease. But still the immune system is able to observe the morphology of the virus and create a long-lasting immune response. When considering COVID-19 vaccines, live- attenuated vaccines which contain the SARS-CoV2 virus have not been focussed by most scientists. Instead, they have tested previously generated live- attenuated viruses including the common cold and the measles virus which control the genetic code of the virus to display the key SARS-CoV2 spike protein. This is known as a subtype of live- attenuated vaccines called a viral-vector vaccine. Some of the examples for live- attenuated vaccines are MMR, Rotavirus, Chickenpox and Yellow fever vaccines.

    Inactivated Vaccines (Killed Antigen)

    Inactivated vaccines use a dead form of the disease caused germ which is killed by using heat and/or chemicals. Similar to the live- attenuated vaccine, the inactivated germ shows the immune system what the germ looks like without making the patient sick. Generally, the live- attenuated vaccine is stronger than an inactivated vaccine. So, an inactivated vaccine may require booster shots over time. Clinical trials of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have tested for inactivated SARS-CoV2 virus. Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio and Rabies are some examples for Inactivated vaccines.

    Subunit Vaccines (Purified Antigen)

    The subunit vaccines contain only a key piece of the germ including protein or sugar which causes the disease and when the immune system contacts it, a strong immune response is developed. Generally, this piece is on the outer surface of the germ and for the effective use of these vaccines, it is important to identify the correct piece even though it is not trivial. When considering the COVID-19 subunit vaccines, scientists focused both on the spike, “S” protein which sticks out on the surface of the SARS-CoV2 virus and specific subunit vaccines which use virus-like particles (VLP) in order to display the subunit to the immune system. These particles contain a membrane, just as the actual SARS-CoV2 virus. Since these virus-like particles (VLP) have no genetic code within, they are not infectious. But the particles hold many subunits together which helps the immune system to identify the subunit. Some of the examples for subunit vaccines are Hepatitis B, HPV and Shingles.

    Toxoid Vaccine (Inactivated Toxins)

    Toxoid vaccines contain toxoids (as antigens) which induce an immune response against specific bacterial diseases including tetanus and diphtheria. Usually, they are known as extremely effective and safe vaccines against these bacterial infections since they give a long-lasting immunity which is induced by a course of toxoid vaccines. This causes an immune response against weakened versions of specific bacterial toxins which are known as toxoids. The body forms an immune response to the original toxin (maintained immunogenicity), by using toxoids. But the toxoid cannot lead to any toxicity or toxin-induced disease since the toxoid is a weakened form of the toxin. Especially, compared with other vaccines, toxoid vaccines have been identified as  more stable and less susceptible to damage caused by temperature, humidity, or light.

    DNA / RNA Vaccines 

    In a cell, protein production can be divided into two parts as transcription and translation. Firstly, DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. A DNA or RNA vaccine is a type of a subunit vaccine, but the difference is instead of introducing a subunit (protein) into the body, this vaccine provides the specific genetic code (DNA or RNA) for the cells in order to produce the subunit itself. Since RNA or DNA can be produced more easily and inexpensively in a laboratory compared to a subunit, it is a great benefit. Other than that, RNA vaccines have the added advantage of no risk that the RNA will integrate into the patient’s own genetic code which could not happen with a DNA vaccine. When talking about the United States, currently they do not use any DNA or RNA vaccines because the technology is new. These vaccines have presented a relatively simple and exciting way to develop a COVID-19 vaccine.

    What is a Covid-19 vaccine?

    Types of Covid-19 vaccines

    1. Attenuated Vaccines
    2. Genetic Vaccines
    3. Protein Vaccines
    4. Viral-vector Vaccines

    Attenuated vaccines for COVID-19

    This type of vaccine contains the weakened SARS-CoV-2 virus. This  is recognized by the immune system to trigger a response without causing COVID-19 illness. This response builds immune memory which enables the body to fight off SARS-CoV-2 in future. Attenuated vaccine is considered as a well-known approach for COVID-19 vaccines. But it requires time and extensive testing. The immune response generated by the  attenuated vaccine  resembles the natural infection.

    Genetic vaccines for COVID-19

    The vaccine contains a segment of genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus which codes for a specific protein. This can be DNA or RNA. When the vaccine is administered, body cells use the genetic material from the vaccine to make the SARS-CoV-2 protein, which is recognised by the immune system to trigger a specific response. This response builds immune memory which enables the body to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 in future. The genetic material, RNA in Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, codes for a specific viral protein. The advantages of genetic vaccines are their low cost and fast development. But they may need to be stored at specific low temperatures. CureVac, Inovio Pharmaceuticals are still in clinical trials for genetic vaccines for COVID-19.

    Inactivated vaccines for COVID-19

    This type of vaccine contains the killed SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is recognised by the immune system in order to trigger a response without causing COVID-19 illness. As a result of this response, immune memory is built, so the body can fight off SARS-CoV-2 in future. In order to boost the immune response this vaccine may need to be administered with an adjuvant. Other than COVID-19, these inactivated vaccines are used in humans for influenza diseases. Sinovac, Sinopharm, Bharat Biotech are some of the approved inactivated vaccines for COVID-19. Shifa-Pharmed, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences have also developed inactivated vaccines for COVID-19.

    Viral vector vaccines for COVID-19

    The University of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine uses this technology to protect against COVID-19. This type of vaccine uses an unrelated harmless virus which is modified to deliver SARS-CoV-2 genetic material. This delivery virus is known as the viral vector. After the administration, body cells produce a specific viral protein using the genetic material to produce a specific viral protein, which is recognised by the immune system and triggers a response. This response builds immune memory, which enables the body to fight off the virus in future. The advantage of viral vector vaccines is that they generate a strong immune response while they may need to be stored at specific low temperatures.  Other than COVID-19, these viral vector vaccines are used in humans for Ebola virus. AstraZeneca/Oxford are some of the approved viral vector vaccines for COVID-19 in the United Kingdom and United States. Apart from that Jannsen, CanSino, Gamaleya viral vector vaccines have been approved for COVID-19 in other areas of the world.

    Protein vaccines for COVID-19

    This type of vaccine contains proteins from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which are recognised by the immune system in order to trigger a response. As a result, this response builds immune memory, which helps the body to fight off SARS-CoV-2 in future. The proteins used in protein vaccines can be whole proteins, protein fragments, or many protein molecules packed into nanoparticles. This type of vaccine has good previous safety records and they are usually administered with an adjuvant to boost immune response. Other than COVID-19, these protein vaccines are used in humans against Hepatitis B virus. Novavax and Sanofi/GSK have developed protein vaccines for COVID-19.

    18May, 2022
    PERSONALIZED MEDICINE | TAILORED MEDICINE | GENOMIC MEDICINE
    TemplateForHeader (PersonalizedMedicine)

    What is personalized medicine?

    Personalized medicine is one of the emerging practices of medicine today. An individual’s  genetic profile based on a genetic test or  biomarker, is used there to guide decisions made regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a particular disease. 

    Due to the huge advances in the understanding of how both our bodies and diseases work, a much more  precisepicture of the most effective medicines for a particular individual can be developed now. This term is known as personalized medicine and it provides a kind of tailored treatment, which targets particular  attributes that are unique to an individual. Mainly, patients are defined by common traits, their age, gender,  ethnicity, medical history and lifestyle choices. Far more accurate patient profiles can be created by narrowing these groups down. But a close lookup is needed to understand every individual correctly. Each individual has a distinctive  genome which is the complete set of genetic instructions for making him. A detailed map of an individual’s genomecan be created using DNA sequencing. Then alterations or patterns of genes should be identified that might be potential risks or the driver for a particular disease. Fast, large-scale, low-cost DNA sequencing is driving the rapidly growing field of genomics, the study of genes. And this is at the center of delivering the next generation of personalized medicine. 

    Precursors of personalized medicine

    Elements in need of integration and assessment in pursuing truly personalized medicine. Access to health care is an important factor in personalized medicine since some individuals may not be able to access expertise and technologies due to several issues including geographic or economic barriers. Therefore, interventions might need to be crafted for those individuals with this in mind. Inherited genetic information is really only predictive or diagnostic in nature. However, somatic changes to DNA can provide valuable insight into pathogenic processes. Tissue biomarkers including  routine blood-based clinical chemistry panels are useful for detecting changes in health status, as are imaging and radiology exams and data collected routinely via wireless monitors. The success of an  intervention is impacted by environmental exposures and behaviors. It exhibits great intra-individual variability. Gene function is reshaped by  epigenetic phenomena based on exposures and developmental or  stochastic phenomena. This should be monitored since they are the indicators of a health status change.

    Genomics and personalized medicine

    Researchers use genomics to discover the factors behind why some people get sick and some don’t. Since human beings are 99.9% identical in their genetic makeup, differences in that remaining 0.1% hold important clues on both the causes of diseases and why people’s response to different medications is different.

    Pharmacogenomics

    Pharmacogenomics can be considered as an important example of the field of precision medicine. It aims to  tailor medical treatment to each person or to a group of people. In Pharmacogenomics,  effects of DNA towards the response of people to drugs is considered. DNA can affect whether the person has a bad reaction to a drug or whether a drug helps him or has no effect. Pharmacogenomicscan improve people’s health by letting them know ahead of time whether a drug is likely to benefit them and be safe for them to take. Doctors can use this information to find the best medicine that will work for their patient.

    Personalized medicine in oncology

    When considering cancers, for some particular cancers, there are specific genomic alterations that have been driven to a tumor’s growth. Doctors can identify the right treatment for an individual patient using these specific alterations. Many diseases, including some type of cancers, are caused by alterations in the genomic make up of a cell – making the cell cancerous. Genomics can identify these alterations and search for them using an ever-growing number of genomic tests.

    In the present, oncology is used at the  forefront with genomics to develop more effective cancer treatments. On the one hand, genetic tests (which test for the inherited genes an individual has) indicate  susceptibility to certain diseases  while allowing for  pre-emptive treatment to begin. On the other hand, it helps doctors to take a  biopsy of the tumor of a cancerous patient, and do comprehensive genomic testing. As an example, DNA or RNA sequencing works with big data analytics can be done to identify abnormalities, called biomarkers, in the tumor, and then allows for the use of more targeted treatments. 

    Currently, the  Cancer Genome Atlas in the United States has mapped key genomic changes in more than 30 types of cancers including oncogenic cancer drivers. So, while there is still a long way to go, the potential to deliver more detailed diagnoses and develop better treatments would be greater if we can identify more biomarkers. 

    Statistics on Adverse Drug Events

    According to CDC,

    • 82% of American adults take at least one medication and 29% take five or more. 
    • Adverse Drug Events (ADE) cause over 700,000 emergency department visits each year.
    • Nearly 120,000 patients need to be hospitalized each year for further treatment.
    • $3.5 billion is spent on extra medical costs due to ADEs annually.

    According to FDA,

    • Over 100,000 people die each year due to adverse drug events. 
    • 4th leading cause of death, ahead of pulmonary disease, diabetes, AIDS, pneumonia, accidents and automobile deaths.
    • ADEs cause injuries or death in 1 of 5 hospital patients.

    Traditional medicine VS personalized medicine

    Currently, most physicians rely on the “one size fits all” approach. Using Alpha Genomix, the right drug at the right dose for the right PATIENT can be selected.

    “One size fits all” approach

    In the medical world, “One size fits all’ has been the standard for a long time. Everyone is given the same lifestyle rules to prevent illness including a healthy diet, no smoking, enough exercise, moderate alcohol consumption. When a patient is diagnosed with a disease, he is treated according to a protocol that is the same for everyone.

    Due to comprehensive pharmaceutical tests on thousands of patients, a doctor has an idea on the percentage of cases where the medication is effective, and what side effects will occur with which probability. They can see what happens by administering the medication and then adjust the treatment through changing the dose or the medication and prescribing additional medication for the side effects.

    Personalized medicine

    Traditional medicine

    Individualized and genetically targeted medicine.

    Trial and error to find the right medication.

    Adverse effects prevention, dose prediction, compliance improvement.

    Large percentage of patients do not benefit.

    Recruitpatients most likely to respond in clinical trials.

    One-size fits all approach in clinical trials.

    Liquid biopsy: 

    • Non invasive and captures more characteristics of cancer.
    • Not limited to a single area of the body.

    Tumor biopsy: 

    Personalized treatment cycle

    1. Specimen
    2. Specimen and genome analysis
    3. Data based medication selection
    4. Optimal medication selection
    5. Treatments on patients
    6. Monitoring on effect

    Personalized medicine in psychiatry

    Personalized medicine can be used in psychiatry in-order to decide which individual should receive what specific type of treatment. This is done using personalized measures, and also eventually identifies patients at risk. This reduces long-term costs of mental health. So, the goal of using personalized medicine in psychiatry is a  laudable one, because it involves a marked reduction in  morbidity and  mortality. Personalized medicine can be used in psychiatric diseases including   major depressive disorder,  bipolar disorder, and  schizophrenia. Additionally, personalized medicine can be used in psychiatry, on novel biomarkers and neuroimaging as an emerging application. Personal medicine is used to decrease symptoms, avoid undesirable outcomes including hospitalization, and improve mood, thoughts, behaviors, and the overall sense of well-being in the psychiatric setting.

    Pharmacogenomics developments are also aid for personalized medicine in psychiatry including adjusted therapeutic doses, predictable responses, reduced  adverse drug reactions, early diagnosis, and personal health planning. Though these prospects are exciting, still these new techniques engage with important scientific, ethical, legal, and social challenges. So, there should be an ethical balance between challenge and opportunity of personalized medicine in psychiatry under different aspects including  adequacy, cost benefit ratio, and  therapeutic equity. 

    Personalized medicine care diagnostics

    Point of care (POC) diagnostics are becoming an important way to deliver personalized medicine to patients who have chronic diseases and genetic variations which cause outcomes. The driving force behind this method is to provide  expedited diagnosis where the patient is seen or in the patient’s home. New technologies have been improved to allow POC devices to produce quantitative lab-quality test results which can be transferred automatically to an information system, a remote caregiver service for consultation, or an electronic medical record.

    Further, technological advances have turned smartphones and microchips into mobile laboratories which expand the trend in remote areas. And also the growing popularity of home monitoring equipment,  wearables, and  telehealth is helping to connect vulnerable patients with more comprehensive care. At the same time, machine learning enables faster diagnostics which can return results in minutes or hours instead of days.  Combined with the  precipitous drop in time and cost for genetic testing, diagnostics developers are grasping upon the potential to bring an incredibly strong range of tests and analytics tools right to the bedside.

    Since precision medicine finds its way into more and more hospitals and physician offices, quick access to genetic test results could speed the identification and treatment of cancers, cardiac conditions, and gene mutations which impact a patient’s responses to certain medications. Point-of-care testing can be of great benefit inorder to identify a particular issue in specialty situations as well as in the primary care environment, but health IT developers still have not figured out the best way to present critical information to clinicians within the electronic health record.

    Advantages of personalized medicine

    Personalized medicine is advantageous for both clinicians, patients and pharmaceutical industry as well.

    • Early detection of disease 
    • Preventive strategies
    • Faster and precise diagnosis
    • Offers personalized treatment 
    • Better matching patients to drugs instead of “Trial and error”
    • Customized pharmaceuticals may eliminate life threatening adverse reactions
    • Emergence of new gene targets for drug discovery
    • Reduce costs of clinical trials by
      • Quick identification of total failures
      • Favourable responses for particular backgrounds
    • Improved efficacy of drugs
    • Better health and better health care
    • Product differentiation in the marketplace

    Disadvantages of personalized medicine

    • Greater costs of diagnostics/biomarkers
    • Smaller patient markets for therapeutics
    • Need to track individual health information
    • Necessity for accelerated  Health Information Technology (HIT)
    • Diagnoses without treatments
    • Re-education of healthcare professionals
    • Distraction from other money saving opportunities
    • Incorrect diagnostic result
    • Genetic variations are numerous and quantitative 
    • Not widely available 
    • People do not opt for personalized medicine 

    Limitations of personalized medicine

    • Reimbursement pathway of testing not established
    • Ethical issues with genetic testing and data sharing 
    • Integration of  Pharmacogenomics, personalized medicine and the prayer and regulatory environment is still ongoing
    • Clinician are generally not educated concerning available tests, associate drugs and outcomes
    • The response to a medication may be a result of the interactions of multiple genes
    2May, 2022
    IS ORGANIC FOOD BETTER THAN NON-ORGANIC FOOD?

     

    What is inorganic?

    Inorganic compounds are simple compounds which contain carbon. Salts of inorganic cations including carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates and carbides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide are some examples for inorganic compounds. There are so many everyday inorganic compounds such as water, salt (sodium chloride), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), dietary calcium source (calcium carbonate), industrial grade hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid). Some examples for inorganic nutrients in food are potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, selenium and zinc.

    What is organic?

    Organic nutrients contain carbon in their structural makeup. Energy providing compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins are referred to as organic nutrients.

    What is Organic food?

    Organic food items are produced without using synthetic products in its production. Chemical fertilizers and pesticidesare examples for such synthetic products. This method is known as organic farming and it starts at the ground level in its farming process. Farmers do not use any petroleum based fertilizer, chemically altered materials or pesticides throughout the production. Instead they use natural materials such as cow dung, cow urine, manure, compost, insecticidal soap or neem oil. Also, organic food cannot be genetically altered in any way. Traditional methods including selective breeding techniques and hand pollinationcan be used to accomplish changes in plants since these techniques are still certified as organic. In order to list food as organic, producers are required specialized certification. As an example, in the United States both the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990and Title 7, Part 205 of the Code of Federal Regulationslist the specific standards required for labeling food as organic. So, it is clear that organic food is different from natural food or private gardening. Here the food itself and all the food production methods used are referred to as organic.

    What is Non-organic food?

    Non-organic food is any food that has been produced using synthetic products in its production including chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Other than that genetically modified food is also considered as non-organic food. This can be done through modifying food items at a molecular level or genetic level. As an example, hardier and tastier plant strains, drought resistant and high yield seeds can be developed by genetic modifications. In the United States, non-organic food is regulated by the Food and Drug administration and also they determine the acceptable levels of synthetic products that food products can contain.

    Difference between Organic and Non-organic food

    Previously, it was believed that there is not a large difference between these two since they are very similar in their look and most often the taste is similar too. But actually, in most of the cases, organic food can be smaller in size when compared with non-organic food since it is not grown using synthetic fertilizers or artificial growth promoters. And also, organic food may not be as shiny as non-organic food as it is nor sprayed with colours or chemicals. Collectively size, shape, taste and texture is consistent in non-organic fruits and vegetables. But in organic fruits and vegetables a large diversity can be seen in such characteristics. It is said that both organic and non-organic food contains the same amount of nutrients including vitamins and minerals.  But there is evidence that organic food may contain more antioxidants, vitamin C, minerals such as iron, magnesium and phosphorus than non-organic food. The main difference between them is typically, organic food contains less pesticides, less multi-drug resistant bacteriaand no genetically modified organisms when compared with non-organic food. This means, organic and non-organic food is differentiated by their farming processes, not by their chemical makeup. Furthermore, organic food is free from contact with non-organic food in order to ensure that pesticides or other chemical materials do not rub off on organic food. So, non-organic food is packaged and shipped separately from organic food. Organic food has a less shelf life and also it may contain small worms like organisms since pesticides or fumigation of any chemicals are not used in their production or storage process.

    Pros and cons of Organic food

    Pros

    • Not only the food itself, but also the organic farming process is good for the environment.
    • Most importantly, less waste is produced through organic farms and also they use less energy.
    • As mentioned before, potentially harmful synthetics are not used in the organic food production process. So, both consumers and local wildlife are benefited by limited exposure.
    • Further, it is said that organic food is more nutritious than non-organic food.
    • Organic food tastes better than non-organic food.

    Cons

    • There is a belief among most people that organic food is safer than non-organic food. But a lack of scientific evidence exists supporting this hypothesis. So, still this is an argument against organic food consumption.
    • The Food and Drug administration regulates and determines the acceptable levels of synthetic products that non-organic food products can contain. So, the food does not cause any health issues since it contains a limited amount of pesticides.
    • Organic food is more expensive than non-organic food as a result of the increased production cost involved in the organic food production process.

    Pros and cons of Non-organic food

    Pros

    • Contamination with some dangerous toxinsand bacteria can be controlled by the synthetic products used in non-organic food production. This suggests an idea that the trace amounts of pesticides are less harmful compared with the natural toxins in organic food.
    • Non-organic food is cheaper than organic food.
    • Non-organic food gives high yields. So, it can be used to feed poor people in the world cost effectively.
    • Nutrients levels in non-organic food are standardized. So nutrients in the same food item do not vary when compared with organic food.

    Cons

    • Long term effects of the synthetic products used in non-organic food are not evaluated yet.
    • These synthetic products do a long term damage to the land including making the land less fertile.
    • Non-organic food is typically less nutritious than organic food.

    Examples for organic food

    • Organic milk & dairy
    • Organic eggs
    • Organic fruits and vegetables 
    • Organic bread

    Organic milk dairy

     

    The main key differences between organic and non-organic milk include,

    1. Animal welfare
    2. Diet
    3. Fewer additives and preservatives
    4. Antibiotic use

    Organic milk is taken from cows which are truly free range. They should have space and access to the outdoors as possible. They must be fed a natural diet which contains grass whereas non-organic cows are fed with genetically modified animal feed (GM feed) that is prohibited under organic standards. And also organic cows are fed a minimum of 60% forage while non-organic cows are given more concentrated feed. As a result of this organic dairy has lower yield. Organic cows have never received any type of added hormones. Since all milk contains natural hormones such as growth hormonewhich is produced by the cow, it is important to have added hormones in order for milk to be non-organic. And also toxic ingredients, GM ingredients, hydrogenated fats, artificial colourings and preservatives are not used when producing organic milk. Other than that these cows never have been treated with antibiotics and wormers.

    Health benefits of organic milk

    • Highly nutritious which supplies energy (significant amounts of protein and micronutrients).
    • Contains milk fat (one of the most complex food fats) and approximately 400 different fatty acids.
    • Contains high-quality protein including all the essential amino acids needed by human.
    • Richest source of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human diets.
    • Widely available source of calcium and phosphorus.

    Organic eggs

     

    There are five key differences between organic eggs and conventional eggs. They are,

    1. The way chickens are treated
    2. What they are fed
    3. Use of antibiotics
    4. The size of the flock
    5. The amount of space, and type of environment animals have

    Organic eggs are taken from chickens which are fed only organic feed. This does not contain animal by-products, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or any other chemical additives. And also genetically modified food cannot be used to feed chickens and they should not be given antibiotics (other than in an infection), hormones, or other drugs in the process of organic egg production. The chickens should live in cage-free environments and they should have the ability to reach the outdoors. Other than that only natural molting is allowed to occur in chickens laying organic eggs.

    But organic eggs are known to be more expensive than commercial eggs. The reason for this may be due to the extra expenses required to receive the organic certification from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Free range eggs are different from organic eggs since free range chickens might be fed by non-organic feed, antibiotics or other drugs. Other than vegetarian eggs, antibiotic-free eggs, all natural-eggs are different from organic eggs because their standards are not the same.

    There is little difference between organic and conventional eggs when it comes to macronutrients. There is no difference in the amounts of protein, carbohydrates and some fats between organic and conventional eggs. But still there is no evidence to prove that organic eggs contain less cholesterol than conventional eggs. The studies have found that organic eggs contain more micronutrientsthan conventional eggs. As an example organic eggs have three times more omega-3 fatty acidswhen compared with conventional eggs. And also, organic eggs contain 40% more vitamin Aand twice as much vitamin E. As mentioned before organic eggs do not contain any antibiotic residues.

    When it comes to the taste, organic eggs do not always taste better. It cannot be said organic eggs taste better just because they are organic when compared with their non-organic competitors.

    Organic laying chickens have been given the gold standard by Compassion in World Farming (CIWF)which is certified by Soil Association. This is considered as the highest standard of any farming system in the United Kingdom.

    Health benefits of organic eggs

    • Contain high amount of vitamins
    • Good for the heart and eyes
    • Help in weight management
    • Feed the brain and liver functions
    • Promote healthy skin

     

    Organic fruits and vegetables

     

    Organic fruits

    1/. Grapes

    Organic grapes are grown without synthetic fertilizers. It protects the environment and preserves the soil as well. There are so many benefits in consuming organic grapes. Most importantly, they are full of antioxidants(resveratrol) and nutrients. And also they contain fiber and a low calorie food. So, organic grapes may reduce the risk of heart attack. Grapes are highly nutritious since they contain several important nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein , fat, Vitamin C, K and B6. Other than that they contain minerals including calcium, potassium, phosphorus, copper and manganese. Furthermore, organic grapes can be used in organic wine production. Organic winegrape production is known as a system which benefits the establishment of a rich microbiota which further contributes in winemaking. The produced wine is also referred to as organic if no sulfur and no commercial yeast is used throughout the production procedure. Such practice will impact in producing quality wine.

    Health benefits of organic grapes

    • Aid in blood clotting and healthy bones.
    • Important for connective tissue health.
    • Help repair the damage to the cells caused by free radicals.
    • Help protect against certain types of cancers (breast and colon cancers).
    • Lower blood pressure.
    • Reduce cholesterol level by decreasing cholesterol absorption.
    • Decrease blood sugar level and protect against diabetes. 
    • Protect against common eye diseases. 
    • Improve memory, attention and mood.
    • Protect against certain bacteria, virus and yeast infections.
    • Slow down aging and promote longevity.

    2/. Apples

    Apples are one of the most highly contaminated crops regarding pesticides. These pesticides adhere to the peel and even seeps into the core because of the concave shape near the stem. According to the records of USDA, pesticides showed up on 98 percent of the more than 700 apple samples tested. It is said that apples contain more fiber in their peel. But the problem is, that is where all pesticides end up. So, in order to avoid pesticides, organic apples are the way to go since organic apples are grown without using pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or preservatives. Through studies it has been shown that conventionally grown apples have the same nutrients as organically grown varieties. Also, it is the same with regular apple juice and its organic form. There are not any significant nutritional differences between them. But there is an unbelievable taste difference between organic apples and conventionally grown apples. This may be due to how and when the fruit is harvested during their lifecycle. Further, organic apple is known as one of the most affordable fruits available during its prime season (Fall/Winter). And also, organic apples are great for cooking and baking.

    Health benefits of organic apples

    • Contain high fiber content
    • Low in sugar
    • More filling and help to sustain energy longer
    • Contain probiotics that can promote gut health
    • Alleviate allergies 
    • Rid the body of unwanted toxins and excessive heat
    • Contain malic acid which aids in teeth whitening 
    • Boost the immune system 
    • Lower the risk of Alzheimer’s and increase memory through  producing acetylcholine.
    • Prevent cancers through high levels of vitamin C and fiber

    3/. Strawberries

    According to the USDA records, more than 90 percent of strawberry samples tested were positive for residues of two or more pesticides and according to the records of FDA one of 38 strawberry samples was tainted with excessive pesticides in 2017. So many hazardous chemicals are used on strawberries. They may cause to cancers, reproductive and developmental damage, hormone disruptions and neurological issues. Some of those hazardous chemicals are carbendazim and bifenthrin. Other than that strawberry farmers use high volumes of poisonous gases to sterilize their fields. This is done before planting inorder to kill every pest, weed and other living thing in the soil. These toxic gases are called fumigants and methyl bromide is known as the most notorious strawberry fumigant. Organic alternative has been introduced replacing fumigation in organic strawberry production. This combines the traditional tool of crop rotation, which controls the buildup of pests and pathogens as well as composting. This method is also identified as effective as fumigation, and farmers report that it does not cause for any loss in crop yield. Inorder to avoid pesticides and soil injected with poisonous gases, it is better to buy organically grown strawberries. Organic strawberries are more expensive, compared to the conventionally grown variety. But the price of organic strawberries is expected to drop since more farmers turn away from pesticides and fumigants. Strawberry is a highly nutritious fruit which contains minerals such as manganese, potassium and vitamin C.

    Health benefits of organic strawberries

    • Protect heart
    • Increase HDL cholesterol 
    • Lower the blood pressure 
    • Protect against cancer
    • Packed with vitamin and fibers
    • Contain high level if antioxidants (polyphenols)
    • Fat free, sodium free, low calorie fruit

    4/. Pears

    Organic pears are produced according to the strict organic regulations of USDA which only allow approved substances for control of pests and to replenish soil nutrients. They are grown without using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides. Production techniques for organic fruit are often more labor-intensive and costly. Organic pears production differs from conventionally grown pears production in 3 aspects. They are fertilizing, controlling pests (codling moths) and controlling common diseases (fire blight). Pears are often eaten with the skins where the pesticide can linger. It has been proven in studies that organic pears have more antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin K and copper than conventionally grown pears. They also contain small amounts of calcium, iron, magnesium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and folate. They also have more polyphenols which give health benefits. Organic pears have higher water content than conventionally grown pears which helps keep stools soft and flushes the digestive system of toxins. And also they are tastier than conventionally grown ones.

    Health benefits of organic pears

    • Reduce inflammation and blood pressure
    • Fat free, cholesterol free fruit
    • Support weight loss
    • Reduce risk of diabetes 
    • Boost heart health
    • Offer anticancer effects
    • Promote healthy bowel function 
    • Encourage detoxification
    • Fight against free radicals 
    • Aid in normal metabolism and tissue repair

    Organic vegetables

    1/. Tomatoes 

    Organic tomatoes are grown in inspected farms or greenhouses according to organic standards. These tomatoes are synthetic pesticides and fertilizer free. Instead organic farmers spray alternatives to control pests and ensure healthy soil. And also they use biological control methods like compost. Organic tomatoes are grown in soil rather than hydroponically. It has been found that organic tomatoes are richer in certain antioxidants than conventionally grown tomatoes which help fight several diseases. And also they are more juicy and sweeter than conventionally grown ones. They are especially high in antioxidants such as lycopene, beta carotene, naringenin and chlorogenic acid. Lycopene is a plant compound linked to improved heart health, cancer prevention, and protection against sunburns. Beta carotene is converted into vitamin A in your body. Naringenin is a flavonoid which decreases inflammation and protects against various diseases. Chlorogenic acid is another powerful antioxidant compound which lowers blood pressure in people with elevated levels. And also organic tomatoes contain vitamin C, folate (vitamin B9), vitamin K and potassium. Organic tomato is highly nutritious which is rich in carbohydrates and fibers. 

    Health benefits of organic tomatoes

    • Improve skin health
    • Lower heart disease risk
    • Prevent cancers 
    • Improve vision
    • Aid digestion 
    • Lower hypertension 
    • Manage diabetes 
    • Prevent gallstones 
    • Help prevent emphysema
    • Boost the immune system 
    • Help with the gum diseases gingivitis and periodontitis

    2/. Cucumbers

    Both the organic and non-organic (conventionally grown) cucumbers are coated with wax to preserve moisture. The difference is that the organic cucumbers must be coated with non-synthetic wax, while conventionally grown cucumbers can use synthetic waxes. And also organic cucumbers cannot contain any pesticide, synthetic fertilizer or herbicide prohibited by the USDA under organic labeling laws. But conventionally grown cucumbers contain a number of pesticides on the skin. Farmers use traditional farming methods when growing organic cucumbers under the supervision of agencies recognized by USDA. Cucumbers are a very good source of vitamins such as vitamin A and C, minerals such as potassium, magnesium, manganese, silica, folate and dietary fiber. Organic cucumbers are high in quality, firm, well shaped, free of spots and yellowing. It is important not to stack organic cucumbers with non-organic ones.

    Health benefits of organic cucumbers

    • Promote hydration 
    • Aids in weight loss
    • Lower blood sugar
    • Support regular bowel movements 
    • Support bone health 
    • Prevent cancers by stopping cancer cells from reproducing
    • Prevent cardiovascular problems 
    • Control and prevent diabetes 
    • Have anti-inflammatory properties 
    • Promote skin care
    • Improve brain health and memory 

    3/. Spinach

    Organic spinach is grown according to the USDA regulations without using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides. Further, it does not contain any artificial colours or preservatives, no routine use of antibiotics and no genetically modified ingredients. Farmers use environmentally friendly traditional farming methods to grow organic spinach. When compared with traditional spinach, organic spinach is tastier. Conventionally grown spinach has high levels of bacteria contamination such as Salmonella sp. But some studies have found that organic spinach has lower levels of such bacteria contamination. Organic spinach is highly nutritious and loaded with antioxidants. Most importantly it is high in insoluble fiber and has a high iron content as well. It is critical for red blood cells to function which helps in transporting oxygen around the body to produce energy. Other than that organic spinach contains vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C and folate. It also carries significant amounts of manganese, magnesium, and vitamin B2.

    Health benefits of organic spinach

    • Improve bone health
    • Good for eyes
    • Promote heart function 
    • Support a healthy immune system 
    • Give energy to the body
    • Reduce oxidative stress
    • Help prevent cancers
    • Reduce blood pressure levels
    • Manage diabetes 
    • Prevent asthma 
    • Promote digestive regularity
    • Improve skin health
    • Promote healthy hair

    4/. Bell peppers

    Organic bell peppers are grown in farms which follow the strict guidelines set up and enforced by the USDA and other organic monitoring agencies. The main difference between organic and conventionally grown bell peppers is that organic ones are forbidden from using any chemical-based fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides. All products used during bell pepper cultivation must be organic and those farms are inspected to ensure they comply with these requirements. Even though conventionally grown bell peppers often contain residues of chemicals after the food is harvested, organic bell peppers protect the body from potentially harmful chemical residues that may remain on vegetables using conventional farming techniques. Organic bell peppers lower the amounts of toxic pesticides in the body and halve the levels of bisphenol A and phthalates. Both of them alter body hormone levels. Bell peppers are mainly made up of water and carbs. Most of the carbs are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Bell peppers are also a decent source of fiber. Bell peppers are an excellent source of folic acid, antioxidants, fiber, iron, vitamin A and C. 

    Health benefits of organic bell peppers

    • Improve eye health
    • Reduce risk of several chronic diseases 
    • Prevent anemia 
    • Protect against cardiovascular diseases 
    • Prevent cancers
    • Support the immune system (reduce the redness and swelling)
    • Improve skin health 
    • Ease the common cold
    • Sooth and balance the stomach 
    • Support blood circulation 
    • Promote healthy lipid profiles 
    • Control body weight

    Organic bread

    Organic bread contains organic ingredients which are grown without the use of pesticides (such as glyphosate), GMOs, synthetic fertilizers (synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are banned under organic standards), sewage sludge or ionizing radiation. To be referred to as organic bread, there should be organic ingredients at least up to 95 percent of the entire product (since ingredients such as water, salt and baking soda are not organic). Once these requirements are fulfilled the product is certified as organic for ingredients, processing, storage and labelling by the USDA.

    When compared with traditional bread, organic bread is more nutritious. It contains vital nutrients which help the body digest the food easier, increase mineral absorption, antioxidants (selenium and vitamin E), vitamin B and C. Vitamin B is essential for the body to convert food into energy efficiently. Vitamin E and selenium protect cells from damage by toxic substances including smoke pollution. Furthermore organic bread does not contain GMOs, preservatives, shortenings or any other artificials (favours, colours). Organic bread tastes and smells better than conventional bread.  There are two main reasons for this. First, normally organic bread does not go through extensive manufacturing processes. As a result of that the nutritive value of the ingredients can be retained a lot. Second, organic bread does not contain additives (azodicarbonamide, calcium propionate, DATEM), preservatives (like sodium benzoate, aspartame and tartrazine), or any other synthetic ingredients which can be damaging to the microbiome. The shelf life of organic bread is shorter than conventional bread since it does not contain additives like calcium propionate. It is very clear that organic bread is better for the environment as well as for the body.

    Health benefits of organic bread

    • Contains fewer preservatives and additives
    • Made with nutritionally dense ingredients 
    • Helps in improving digestion 
    • Less likely to cause problems in the gut
    • Gentle for body systems and better for the body
    • Aids in weight loss
    • Helps to protect against type two diabetes  and certain cancers
    • Helps body’s immune system 

    Organic farming process

     

    The farming methods are also under the guidance and monitoring of the National Organic Program (NOP) of the USDA to ensure they follow all regulations.

    Steps of organic farming

    1. Crop rotation 
    2. Prohibition of GMO
    3. Use of resistant crops
    4. Increasing genetic diversity
    5. Green manures and legumes
    6. Recycled crop wastes
    7. Using natural pesticides 
    8. Good animal husbandry
    9. Careful use of water resources
    10. Right soil cultivation at the right time 

    Organic farming certification 

    Organic certification is a process certification given for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. Generally, any business directly involved in food production such as seed suppliers, farmers (crop, livestock), food processors, retailers and restaurants can be certified through this process. Requirements to be certified as an organic product vary from country to country. This generally involves a set of production standards for growing, storage, processing, packaging and shipping. Some of them are, 

    • Prohibition of synthetic chemical inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, food additives, etc. and genetically modified organisms.
    • Use of farmland which has been free from chemicals for a number of years (often, two or more).
    • Keeping detailed written production and sales records (audit trail).
    • Maintaining strict physical separation of organic products from non-organic products.
    • Undergoing periodic on-site inspections.

    Purpose of certification

     

    Nowadays a growing worldwide demand for organic food can be seen. Organic certification addresses this demand and it assures quality and prevents fraud. This is advantageous for both organic producers and consumers. For organic producers, organic certification identifies suppliers of products which have been approved for use in certified operations. For consumers, “certified organic” gives the product assurance. Mainly organic certification regulates and facilitates the sale of organic products to consumers.

    1. USDA organic label

    USDA certified food as organic when they are grown and processed according to federal guidelines addressing factors such as soil quality, animal raising practices, use of additives, pest and weed control. So, organic producers use natural substances and follow physical, mechanical or biologically based farming methods to the fullest extent possible.

    USDA organic standards specify additional considerations for multi-ingredient food processing. Prohibition of organically processed foods from containing artificial preservatives, flavors or colours and requirement of organic ingredients with some minor exceptions. 

    Some packaged products indicate that they are “Made with organic”. This means they contain at least 70% organically produced ingredients. Most importantly  the remaining non-organic ingredients are also produced without using any prohibited practices such as genetic engineering. But still it can include substances that would not otherwise be allowed in 100% organic products. So, “Made with organic” products will not bear the USDA organic seal. But they should still identify the USDA-accredited certifier as with all other organic products.

    It is important to be familiar with the USDA organic label and understand its claims as consumers. So, they can make decisions about the food they purchase. While there are many marketing claims which add value to foods, USDA organic label assure a particular product is verified organic at all steps between the farm and the store.

    2. Non GMO certification 

    The NGPS (Non-GMO Production Standard)ensures that ingredients in products are not genetically engineered by the use of modern biotechnology. This NGPS logo further guarantees the quality of the product.

    The certification applies at all levels of the supply chain including organizations involved in cultivation, production, processing, storage, distribution, logistics and/or trade. There is a list of requirements that leads to a strong system of internal and external verifications at the facilities that produce/process the (end-)product. The Management System (MS) shall have a documented sampling plan that is based on the MS and the associated risk assessment. The genetically engineered material content of a sample is assessed by performing tests in laboratories. Then those foods are certified with ISO 17025according to the specific activity of genetically engineered material testing. Companies in compliance with the NGPS may also claim ‘Certified Non-GMO Production’ on the product label with reference to the NGPS. To the approved organic standards belong EU organic, NPOP (National Programme for Organic Production) USDA organic and IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements)based organic standards.

    3. Free range certification 

    The term “free range” means that the food is from animals that have access to outdoor spaces to graze or forage for food. But still there are no government regulations in the USA to ensure these requirements. So, it is important for producers to be clear about the meaning of free range food. An important thing is, even though all organically raised food is automatically free range, all free range food is not necessarily organic. Free roaming, cage free, and pasture raised are some of the other words that can be used in the place of free range.

    According to the USDA the term “free range” is only for chickens and not for eggs or for other livestock, such as cattle. And also, in order to be introduced as free range, chickens must be allowed access to the outside. This means that the chickens live most of their lives outdoors or if they are allowed outside, it is just for a few minutes each day. But the free-range label on some food products is legally meaningless because the USDA rules for free-range products don’t apply to other animals or even to eggs. As a result of this producers can use the label in whatever way they want. 

    If consumers want truly free-range food, they should consider buying certified organic products because the definition and enforcement of the USDA on the term “free range,” certified organic products must meet stringent criteria. As an example, if a farm falsely claiming free-range status for its chickens will not have penalties and fines  like a farm falsely claiming organic certification.

    Understanding GMOs

    There is an ongoing controversial debate on the effects of GMOs on health and the environment. In most cases, GMOs are engineered to make food crops which are resistantto herbicides or to produce an insecticide. As an example, most of the sweet corn consumed in the USA is genetically engineered to make them resistant to the herbicide Roundup and to produce its own insecticide called Bt Toxin. Other than that GMOs are also commonly found in crops such as soybeans, zucchini, papaya, canola, and also can be seen in many breakfast cereals and much of the processed. If a food package includes corn syrup or soy lecithin as its ingredients, there is a high chance of containing GMOs in it.

    GMOs and pesticides

    The use of toxic herbicides has increased 15 times since GMOs were introduced. Take Roundup (Glyphosate) as an example. The World Health Organization (WHO)has announced that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans,”. But there is still some controversy over the level of health risks posed by the use of pesticides.

    Are GMOs safe?

    Even though the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)and the biotech companies that engineer GMOs insist they are safe, many food safety advocates point out that long term studies have not ever been conducted to confirm the safety of using GMOs. And also some animal studies have indicated that consuming GMOs may cause very adverse effects in the body including internal organ damage, slowed brain growth, and thickening of the digestive tract. Other than that GMOs have been linked to increased food allergies and gastro-intestinal problems in humans as well. Many people think that altering the DNA of a plant or animal can increase the risk of cancer but according to the research so far, it has proven inconclusive.